Environmental Risk Factors
Natalie H
"Genetic research involving twins and family studies strongly supports a significant contribution of environmental factors in addition to genetic factors in ASD etiology." According to recent evidence, up to 40-50% of variance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) liability might be determined by environmental factors.
Advanced parental age and birth complications that are associated with trauma or ischemia and hypoxic have been linked with ASD.
Risk of ASD increases significantly with each 10-year increase in maternal age.
Firstborn offspring of 2 older parents were 3 times more likely to develop autism than were third- or later-born offspring of mothers aged 20–34 years and fathers aged <40 years.
Other pregnancy-related factors such as maternal obesity, maternal diabetes, and c-section have shown a less strong (but significant) relation to ASD.
Nutritional factors relating to ASD have been inconclusive but patients with ASD have had deficits in vitamin D.
The studies on toxic elements have been largely limited given their nature, but there is enough evidence for the association between some heavy metals (most important inorganic mercury and lead) and ASD that is leading into more research.
APA: Modabbernia, A., Velthorst, E., & Reichenberg, A. (2017). Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5356236/
APA: Durkin, M. S. et al. (2008, December 01). Advanced Parental Age and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638544/
APA: The association between several environmental factors and autism spectrum disorders; C/S, caesarian section; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDoP, hypertensive disease of pregnancy; PROM, premature rupture of membrane; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitorOnline Photo :Mol Autism. 2017;( 2017 Mar 17) Fig. 1 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5356236/figure/Fig1/
Advanced parental age and birth complications that are associated with trauma or ischemia and hypoxic have been linked with ASD.
Risk of ASD increases significantly with each 10-year increase in maternal age.
Firstborn offspring of 2 older parents were 3 times more likely to develop autism than were third- or later-born offspring of mothers aged 20–34 years and fathers aged <40 years.
Other pregnancy-related factors such as maternal obesity, maternal diabetes, and c-section have shown a less strong (but significant) relation to ASD.
Nutritional factors relating to ASD have been inconclusive but patients with ASD have had deficits in vitamin D.
The studies on toxic elements have been largely limited given their nature, but there is enough evidence for the association between some heavy metals (most important inorganic mercury and lead) and ASD that is leading into more research.
APA: Modabbernia, A., Velthorst, E., & Reichenberg, A. (2017). Environmental risk factors for autism: an evidence-based review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5356236/
APA: Durkin, M. S. et al. (2008, December 01). Advanced Parental Age and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2638544/
APA: The association between several environmental factors and autism spectrum disorders; C/S, caesarian section; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDoP, hypertensive disease of pregnancy; PROM, premature rupture of membrane; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitorOnline Photo :Mol Autism. 2017;( 2017 Mar 17) Fig. 1 retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5356236/figure/Fig1/
"The association between several environmental factors and autism spectrum disorders; C/S, caesarian section; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDoP, hypertensive disease of pregnancy; PROM, premature rupture of membrane; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor"